First, the one way transit time between the two electrodes is an odd number of half cycles N, where N is an odd positive integer (N = 1, 3, 5 …). There are two main conditions that must be present for multipactor. This electron charge build up can cause a resonance type of breakdown in the form of a multipaction discharge.1 Multipaction discharge itself can also cause an additional saturation mechanism through its interaction with the electrodes. Under the appropriate conditions, the number of electrons will increase exponentially up to a saturation point, at which the electron density is large enough to block the electric field. The synchronization between the secondary electron emissions and the frequency of the electric field alternating polarity will accelerate the electrons back to the source electrode (see Figure 1). These collisions create a secondary electron emission from the electrode structure.
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This change in the distance relationship allows free electrons to impact the electrode surface. In a vacuum environment, the electron free path distance is greater than the electrode separation distance. 1 The electric component of the electromagnetic field can have sufficient energy to cause the emission of electrons from the material surface.
Multipactor is a resonance type of discharge that can occur under vacuum conditions. The development of coaxial microwave components capable of handling high peak power without the presence of multipactor is an important part of component design for space and vacuum environments.
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Code of Federal Regulations: 47 CFR 15.203, available at
^ "Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook".Plug on the female connector and receptacle on the male when dealing with RP-TNC. As of 2013, leading manufacturers are still using RP-TNC connectors on their Wi-Fi equipment. The FCC considered that the RP-TNC was acceptable in preventing consumers changing the antenna but by 2000 it regarded them as readily available, though delaying its ruling indefinitely.
īecause they were not readily available, RP-TNC connectors have been widely used by Wi-Fi equipment manufacturers to comply with specific local regulations, such as those from the FCC, which are designed to prevent consumers from connecting antennas which exhibit gain and therefore breach compliance. This is usually achieved by incorporating the female contacts normally found in jacks into the plug, and the male contacts normally found in plugs into the jack. Reverse-polarity TNC (RP-TNC, sometimes RTNC) is a variation of the TNC specification which reverses the polarity of the interface. Right, a standard male TNC connector on a UHF antenna. Left, a male RP-TNC connector from a 2.4GHz antenna. The TNC connector features a 7/16"-28 thread, not to be confused with a 7/16 DIN connector, which is the diameter of the mating surfaces as specified in millimeters. Invented in the late 1950s and named after Paul Neill of Bell Labs and Carl Concelman of Amphenol, the TNC connector has been employed in a wide range of radio and wired applications. It has better performance than the BNC connector at microwave frequencies. The connector has a 50 Ω impedance and operates best in the 0–11 GHz frequency spectrum. The interface specifications for the TNC and many other connectors are referenced in MIL-STD-348. The TNC connector (acronym of "Threaded Neill–Concelman") is a threaded version of the BNC connector.
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